Sample of Annotated Bibliography

Sample of Annotated Bibliography Bandelow, B., Michaelis, S. (2015). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century.  Dialogues in clinical neuroscience,  17(3), 327. The authors of this article were able to list the various types of anxiety disorders and stated that they are among the most prevalent cases of mental illness. The authors suggested that anxiety disorders involve high cost of treatment and the disorder accounts for increased burden of disease in the population. Additionally, the authors indicated that there is no original proof established concerning the dynamics in prevalence rates. Additionally, the authors explained that the health care providers give the patients with anxiety disorders minimum attention while they receive treatment as outpatients. In this article, the authors were able to disclose that the prevalence rates of anxiety disorders naturally declines as individuals advance in age. As a result, this implies that in the old age, anxiety disorders become less frequent. Moreover, the authors of this article suggested that conducting community surveys is advantageous in providing sufficient data on the anxiety disorders present in the population and hence the results are possible to generalize for the entire population. The authors attributed that cultural differences do not affect the prevalence rates of anxiety disorders. Furthermore, the authors were able to state that anxiety disorders correlated with other mental illness and hence showed high comorbidity. In my point of view, the authors elaborated clearly on the epidemiology of anxiety disorder in the current century. The prevalence rates are also statistically insignificantly different from the 20th century. I also agree with their findings that anxiety disorders become less frequent as age advances. Canli, T. (2014). Reconceptualizing major depressive disorder as an infectious disease.  Biology of mood anxiety disorders,  4(1), 10. The author of the article explained that major depressive disorder results from pathogens, which include bacteria and virus. Moreover, the author postulates that the human body provides the environment where the pathogenic microorganisms thrive and bring about the depressive disorders. Furthermore, the author of the article argues that major depressive disorder is the common mental disease. The author elaborated that pharmacological treatment techniques are still similar as the past. Furthermore, the author suggested that major depressive disorder may be perceived or understood as another form of contagious infection. The author has explained how patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder also show symptoms of sickness and hence argues that major depressive disorder is an infectious disease. Besides, the author was able to explain how the pathogenic microorganisms like the virus and bacteria alter the emotional behavior of individuals infected. In my opinion, the author’s argument was based on evidence and hence considers it as relevant. The authors work still needs more elaboration from the conducted research studies and hence opens a gap filled by future researchers on the same field. Joel Paris, M. D. (2013). Personality disorders begin in adolescence. The author of this article elaborated that the health care providers have been reluctant in diagnosing the personality disorders among the adolescents and hence contributed to fewer discoveries of other mental disorders that begin at the adolescent stage. The author explained the need to diagnose and treat personality disorder at initial stages to avoid extreme effects at a later stage. The article explained further that personality disorders start at a tender age and hence necessary to diagnose and treat. According to me, the author explained that personality disorders start in pubertal stages and hence necessary to diagnose the disease and treat it. I agree with the author for the need to treat personality disorder at initial stages to avoid future complications and burden in the health care.

Book Report of Plunkitt of Tammany Hall Essay example

â€Å"An Analysis of Plunkitt of Tammany Hall† William Bryce History 1302 Austin Community College November 30, 2011 The purpose of this book report is to analyze the themes in Plunkitt of Tammany Hall by William L. Riordon. Riordon’s purpose is to educate people about politics and to stimulate reform in their corrupt political system. The first theme of this book is Plunkitt’s use of patronage. He openly discusses quid pro quo: he gives people jobs, opportunities, and welfare services in exchange for their political allegiance. For example, he talks about giving young men opportunities to play in the baseball club or sing in the glee club. In exchange, they vote the way he tells them to. Plunkitt also supports his voters in other†¦show more content†¦Eventually though granite buyers from Brooklyn and New Jersey came to bid against him. But instead of competing with them he offered to give them the granite they needed as long as they didn’t bid against him. In one case, by colluding other potential bidders Plunkitt gets 250,000 stones for the absurd price of $2.50.3 Although he was making a lot of money from his schemes he was careful to not look rich. â€Å"Above all things,† he explains â€Å"avoid a dress-suit. You have no idea of the harm that dress-suits have done in politics.† He goes on to say that he was once accused of buying a $10,000 automobile and a $125 dress suit right before an election and that he suffered badly at the polls for it. â€Å"The people wouldn’t have minded much if I had been accused of robbin’ the city treasury... but the automobile and the dress-suit were too much for them.†3 Plunkitt also presents an anti-elite-education worldview. In the book he explains how to become a politician and he says that going to college detracts from your political ability, that scholars can’t possibly become effective politicians. Plunkitt maintains that a person who goes through college is handicapped and that the odds against him succeeding are 100 to 1. He also claims that civil service r eform is a curse, that giving people qualification examinations is a travesty that will destroy patriotism and cultivate anarchy. He admits that he only went to school for three winters and that some of the Tammany leadersShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution1518 Words   |  7 Pagesmethods. The Progressive Reformers were a political organization that sought out to set permanent fixes to these conditions and make it possible for the immigrants to be self-sustaining. On the other hand, the political machines, more specifically Tammany Hall of Manhattan, sought to make changes by directly helping the immigrants but not without them having some benefit to their organization. Both political organizations had different responses to the plight that the lower class immigrant workers wereRead MoreBoyer Dbq Teacher Guide10764 Words   |  44 Pagesconcentration of slaves but also several important northern states. Clay carried several of the border slave states. There is evidence here both for and against the idea that slavery caused the war. F—William Kennedy—A British perspective on the situation reports that Duff Green is in Texas maneuvering to get renewed support there for U.S. annexation. Astute students will recall that, according to Chapter 13, Green was closely linked to Calhoun and Tyler and labeled â€Å"ambassador of slavery† by J. Q. Adams.

Theories of a Leader Free Essays

This essay will approach types of power such as; to utilize and influence others, to either reward or punish, to confirm by role of an organization, and to identify with a leader such as rock or film personality. This essay will cover six categories of power and these interlink with each other and brings a better focus on theories of power. The functions of leadership are many and varied, depending upon the basic problem with a group must deal with, and the type of leadership style in action, which is dependent on the leaders basis of power. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of a Leader or any similar topic only for you Order Now Power, in the case of leadership, is divided into six categories, however, each can be linked with another, as they are inter-related. Expert and Informational power are concerned with skills, knowledge and information, of which the holders of such abilities, are able to utilize, to influence others ie technicians and computer personnel. Reward and Coercive power, differ from the previously mentioned, as they involve the ability to either reward or punish persons being influenced, in order to gain compliance. Legitimate power, is power which has been confirmed by the very role structure of the group or organization itself, and is accepted by all as correct and without dispute, such as in the case of the armed forces or the police force. Referent power, on the other hand, involves those being influenced, identifying with the leader, ie. rock or film personalities using their image to enter the political arena. Most leaders make use of a combination of these six types of power, depending on the leadership style used. Authoritarian leaders, for example, use a mixture of legitimate, coercive and reward powers, to dictate the policies, plans and activities of a group. In comparison, a democratic or participative leader would use mainly referent power, involving all members of the group in the decision-making process. In my research I have found that by the use of meta-analysis uncovers an approach beyond the general focus of theories of leadership. However within the central study of the term theory, I explore this article to expand this essay in more detail. According to Hunter and Hirsh (1987), most discoveries and advances in cumulative knowledge are no longer being made by those who conduct primary research studies, but by those who use meta-analysis to uncover the latent meaning of existing literature. In addition, meta-analysis provides the empirical building blocks for theory since results derived from such analyses indicate what needs to be explained by theory. Although meta-analysis has been criticized for not directly generating theory (Guzzo, Jackson mKatzell, 1987), the results of meta-analyses are indispensable for theory construction, keeping in mind that theory development is a creative process distinct from cumulating results across studies. Nevertheless, there is no reason that meta-analysis cannot deal with theory and explanation as well as with description. In fact, efforts sponsored by the Russell Sage Foundation’s meta-analysis project are designed to move meta-analytic techniques beyond the descriptive into the theory development domain (Russell Sage Foundation, 1991). Leadership itself, has been accompanied throughout time, by numerous theories, all claiming to answer the question, Are leaders born or made? Those who accept the verdict, that leaders are born and not made, maintain, â€Å"†¦ that there are certain inborn qualities such as initiative, courage, intelligence and humour, which altogether pre-destine a man to be a leader †¦ the essential pattern is given at birth† (Adler, 1991, p. 4) Two leadership theories which concentrate on this point, are the Great man/great woman and theTrait theories. The great man/great woman theory, accordingly to Wrightsman, involves its followers believing that major events, both nationally and internationally, are influenced by those persons in power. â€Å"A sudden act by a great man could, according to this theory, change the fate of the nation† (Wrightsman, 1977, p. 638) The trait theory expands further on this conjecture, by concentrating on the personal characteristics of the leader. The theory, which until the mid-1940s formed the basis of most leadership research, cited traits believed to be characteristic of leaders, the list of which grew in length over the years, to include all manner of physical, personality and cognitive factors, including height, intelligence and communication skills. However, few traits emerged to conclusively differentiate leaders from non-leaders. The traits an individual has may, increase the probability that a person will become a leader, though whether such leadership is guaranteed, is uncertain. Nevertheless, it can be seen to be true that some people are more likely than others to assume leadership positions. â€Å"The research on trait theories of leadership has shown that many other factors are important in determining leader success, and that not everyone who possesses these traits will be a leader† (Adler, 1991, p. 267) As interest in the trait approach to leadership declined, researchers focused their attention on the leader’s actions rather than their attributes, which led to the emergence of the behaviourist theories. The most widely publicized exponent of this approach was Robert Blake and Jane Mouton’s Managerial Grid, which attempted to explain that there was one best style of leadership, by various combinations of two factors regarding a concern for production and people. Due to the disillusionment with the fore-mentioned trait theory, the situational approach suggested that the traits required of a leader differed, according to varying situations. The situational approach, which predominated in the 1950s, held that whether a given person became a leader of a group, had nothing to do with his/her personality, but had everything to do with such factors as the flow of events and circumstances surrounding a group. To put it simply, the leader was a person who was in the right place at the right time. â€Å"Rather than a great man causing a great event to happen, the situational approach claims that great events are the product of historical forces that are gong to happen hether specific leaders are present or not † (Adair, 1984, p. 8) Unfortunately, this theory still didn’t answer, why one member of a group emerged as the leader, rather than another, or why one particular leader proved to be a better leader in some situations than another. The emergence of a related theory, the interactionist approach, attempted to explain the existing anomalies. The interactionist theory proposed that both the characteristics of the individual, and the situation in which the group found itself, accounted for whom would become the leader. Resulting from this theory, was the view that leaders are both born and made, due to the leader requiring certain abilities and skill, but as the situation and the needs of the group changed, so to the person acceptable as leader changed. Developing such abilities and skills requires no position of authority but does require commitment to self, commitment to the organization and its employees, action, and thoughtful, on-going self-assessment. Such a program of personal development, ideally begun as a part of the formal education process, can assist significantly in learning how to influence others, up, down, and across the organization. Thus, one can learn how to become what Cohen (1990) has called an â€Å"uncrowned leader,† a person who exerts influence over others but lacks positional authority. It takes many hours of research to provide a strong research paper however this essay touches only the surface. The functions of a Leader are many and varied. It’s hard to say the one theory is better than the other because as my research shows, it takes more than one approach to accomplish a task with overall proficiency. From upper management to the first line supervisor, each situation, each environment, and each group of people requires a different approach. In some circumstances a leader is considered to be a leader only if he/she knows the organizational structure well and knows how to execute a plan. By reviewing the theories of the previously mentioned theories, the term leader doesn’t necessarily mean he/she is a leader. Therefore a leader can have more than one meaning and the theories of leadership may need to be more refined. However this essay focuses more on the standard process of identification of a leader and the theories that identify such. If a leader is trainable to understand that different approaches are needed for different situations, then a leader can succeed. However if a born leader hasn’t had the exposure to an array of situations, then he/she will not be effective. It stands to reason regarding a leader is born is that a leader may be born but if that person isn’t exposed to an array to various situations and factors, then that born leader will become a failure. However I agree a leader may be born and a follower is a follower but a follower can influence other followers especially if that person has charisma such as wiser experience, cultured education, and mature personality. So a leader may be born but a follower by my own experience I’ve seen followers who are leaders and assist leaders to perform their best. Therefore sometimes a leader and follower can complement each other thus strengthening the environment and or situation. Therefore my own observations show that there are ranks of leaders and ranks of followers. Each side of the line can have leadership. Theories are many but now that we have all these theories, it may appear that we need more research to better recognize the leaders not recognized by the standard approach. How to cite Theories of a Leader, Essay examples

Garth Brooks - Fresh Horses free essay sample

I recently acquired a Garth Brooks box set and can honestly say it has some of the best music I have ever heard. Already an avid fan, I was not surprised by the superfluous amount of magnificent music, but one album in particular grabbed my attention: Fresh Horses. I have listened to it once a day for the past two months. It seems every time I listen, I find something new, inspiring and brilliant. Fresh Horses contains some of the most creative songwriting in recent country music, and Brooks co-wrote most of the songs. He manages to capture the meaning of each in his voice. One can hear the emotion in his tone, and he has a wide-range of vocal ability. Brooks sings effortlessly through the fast, old-fashioned songs like The Old Stuff and Rollin, then proves that he is one of the best classic country singers. Brooks also ventures into slower, more vocally demanding song like The Change. We will write a custom essay sample on Garth Brooks Fresh Horses or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is sung flawlessly and has a deep and meaningful message about continuing to do what is just and right in this world. But most important, the song is about making a change in yourself before trying to change the world. As one can tell, this song deals with intense emotion that Brooks portrays perfectly. This album is completely original, combining amazing producing with genius songwriting and flawless singing. Although I was already a Garth Brooks fan before I heard it, I was still surprised at his amazing talent. This album may be older, but it stands the test of time and continues to influence country artists today. If you are looking for an all-time great country album, Fresh Horses is it.